Effective Leadership Management Values Essay - 783 Words

Effective Leadership: Management Values in the Latin American Cluster â€Å"A strategy is something like, an innovative new product; globalization, taking your products around the world; be the low-cost producer. A strategy is something you can touch; you can motivate people with; be number one and number two in every business. You can energize people around the message .† Jack Welch In order for a multinational enterprise (MNE) to be successful in infiltrating Brazil’s market, it’s important for leaders to become familiar with the cultural norms before conducting business. There are leadership and cultural information available to assist American leaders in their globalization strategies. The GLOBE leadership study and Greet Hofstede, have researched the cultural dimensions that are relative to the unique management style and/or techniques of leaders within Brazil’s business culture. Although, there are several dimensions this paper will concentrate on the basics of doing business in Brazil. GLOBE Leadership Framework: The GLOBE leadership study has identified Brazil as part of the Latin American culture (Hoppe, 2016). According to the GLOBE leadership study, Brazil is within a cultural cluster that values the following categories: team oriented, performance oriented and group protective. These leadership scales identify a specific managerial style that are preferred in the Latin American cluster. Leaders within this culture are expected to inspire and promoteShow MoreRelatedIlm M3.18943 Words   |  4 PagesILM LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA IN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ILM/L3DipLM/0308 Introducing the qualification The ILM Level 3 Diploma in Leadership and Management has been specially designed for first line managers looking to develop a wide range of management and leadership skills suitable for their role. The qualification also develops both understanding and application of leadership skills through the use of action learning. The Diploma consists of six mandatory units ‘Understanding change’, ‘Planning change’Read MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 Pagesown leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meeting organisational values andRead MoreSignificance Of Strategic Value Within Organizations Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesthe need of practical and strategic value holds a tremendous weight in organizations. In certain scenarios, improvement within organizations can be undesirable. While examining both, practical and strategic value holds specific requirements ultimately helping product quality results. The significance in both creates necessary guidelines on aligning proper etiquette within organizations. In 2007, the author tom McKaskill defined the significance of strategic value within organizations success. McCaskillRead MoreThe Experience Of Organisational Change Management1707 Words   |  7 Pagesessay is to analyse the experience of organisational change management in relation to applying multiple perspective theories and models which will help critically evaluate and present reasoned arguments of effective change management. In doing so, this paper will be divided into three parts. The first and second part will focus on reviewing my experience of organisational change related to two different themes which are change leadership and organisational culture. The third part of this paper willRead MoreEmergency Management : A Threat Of Public Safety1451 Words   |  6 PagesEmergency Management is an important aspect in our everyday daily lives. Emergencies can arise any place at any time on any day. The nature of any disaster can be unpredictable and may change in scope and impact. When an emergency is encountered there is a threat of public safety, the community, properties, the economy, infrastructure, public health, etc. Disaster Management is not a problem solver it does not avert or eliminate the threats made, it mainly focuses on eradicating the severityRead MoreThe Differences Between Leadership And Management1727 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences and similarities between leadership and management, looking at the qualities of each of these subjects from my perspective as well as from other materials, and furthermore identifying whether an individual can become better at leadership and management. I will also be discussing the circumstances in which management as well as leadership would be crucial. Leadership can be described as a process of social influence in which one person can enlistRead MoreKey Characteristics Of Transformational Leadership1116 Words   |  5 PagesFurther characteristics of transformational leadership include concern for others, relationship building, communication, innovation, and other positive rapport building, leadership characteristics and values. Relationship building, communication strategies, and innovation have significant meaning for SAHC leadership who has the responsibility to form partnerships and coalitions to advance goals with workers. A leadership style that complements the values and principles of the individual leader andRead MoreMy Position And Responsibilities Of The Long Term Care Community1384 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibilities in the long-term care community are the motivational factor behind my enrollment back into school. As I reflect throughout the course, I realize that I had the ability and potential to excel in a leader ship role. In module 3, we participated in the MindTools leadership assessment where I scored a 74 of 90. I scored strong on self-confidence and motivating people to deliver the vision. The areas that I needed to work on are: being a good role model, managing performance effectivelyRead MoreLeadership And Management Of Restorative Justice1193 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Management of Restorative Justice To address the increasing recidivism rate among offenders in the juvenile and adult criminal justice system, comprehensive restorative justice programs should expand to a much wider faction of the United States criminal justice system. Programs should be implemented on federal, state, and local levels to effectively and efficiently achieve this goal. The goals that should be strived for must be kept in mind so that adequate progress can be made andRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Innovation1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmaximize positive changes†(Porter_ O’Grady Malloch,2016.p.4). It is important for a leader to understand her own philosophy of innovation and leadership to be effective in the workplace. In this course, I learned how to develop my philosophy of innovation and leadership, and how to create my own personal mission based on my ethics and core values to be effective DNP leader in the future. Personal philosophy of innovation â€Å"Innovation is definitely not self-starting or self-perpetuating. People make

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1182 Words

Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion has become a modern life casualty. There might be numerous yes and equivalent number of no, voicing their conclusion over this, hence fortifying the contentions spinning around this issue. The truth is that the vast majority of the insights concerning premature birth dont portray an agreeable picture. Truth be told, premature birth has dependably been a warmed subject among the majority as individuals have their own particular school of contemplations with respect to it. That being stated, there are numerous laws representing the lawfulness of this issue. While in as much as 30 nations, premature birth is†¦show more content†¦But if society operated this way, every killing of a person would be justifiable. The real issue would not be the worth of the person killed, but the free choice of the one doing the killing. If a man doesnt want his wife, h e can think of her as a nonperson. If he chooses to kill her, it would not be ‘moral confusion,’ but ‘choice in action’’’(AbortionFacts.com). People in opposition may say tampering with a life, is acting against the creator of the world. Having a fetus removal done dependably conveys the danger of not having the capacity to wind up noticeably pregnant until the end of time in life. Premature birth can likewise prompt genuine wellbeing inconveniences, and at times the most dire outcome imaginable can be demise. It regularly prompts undesirable recollections, which can come about into incredible anxiety and discouragement. A few ladies encounter a sentiment blame, which goes on for their entire lifetime. So, fetus removal can end up being a lifetime worth of weight. Now and then life can be truly brutal on us. There are times when fetus removal may show up as the main alternative for the improvement. In spite of the fact that a mother may experi ence serious difficulties selecting this alternative, she may in the long run consider this spirit slaughtering choice, remembering every one of the advantages and disadvantages of this choice. By the days end, a mother needs to experience the real work torment and different issues required with childShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been future

Professional Identity Nursing Profession

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Identityfor Nursing Profession. Answer: Introduction Professional identity is a fundamental and integral part of understanding the nursing profession (Raeside, 2015). Therefore, the study will provide a detailed understanding of the meaning of professional identity concerning nursing profession and also provide an understanding of some of the factors contributing or affecting the development of professional identity. A major emphasis will be laid in understanding the nursing professional organization, agency or association and how it relates to professional expectations. Finally the essay will examine how the professional organization or agency or association monitor quality control in nursing profession by reviewing some of the guidelines, standards, the codes of conduct(CC) which have been put in place by this partnership. The other purpose of the easy will examine the link between these set standards of practice and the safety of the patients.. Professionalism refers to the conducts, qualities or aims that characterize a professional person (Manley et al. (2011). Professional identity (PI) on the other hand can be defined as the set of values,attributes, beliefs, motives and experiences by which an individual describe themselves in their professional lives (Fredriksson Johansson, 2014). According to the Nurse Practitioner Practice (2012), professional identity is said to be both personal and career development. It, therefore, involves the internalization of core values and perspectives recognized as integral to the practice of a nursing profession. Therefore, nurses embrace and are required to adopt these fundamental values in their practice to promote the ideals of the nursing profession (Caricati et al., 2016). Professionalism is important especially in the nursing profession as it leads to adherence to the code of conduct for nursing professionals. Willetts and Clarke (2016) denote that it also promotes integrity, trust, honesty and ethical behavior. It is also helpful in maintaining a patient confidentiality and fosters a client-centered care as well as owning up to mistakes by the providers of health care. The development of a professional identity (PI) requires the integration of personal values, morals, and attributes with the norms of the profession, in this case, the nursing profession according to Fernandez and Crouch (2016). These may end up forming that primary allegiance of the individual's personal identity (PI) with the occupation (Stuebs, 2017). Some of the factors influence the development of professional identity include; gender, professional socialization, social values and education, the understanding of teamwork and cognitive flexibility (Bain, 2016). Professional socialization is very helpful in the development of professional identity according to Domen et al. (2-17). It can be a process by which a person acquires the skills, knowledge, and sense of professional identity that are evident of a member of that profession. It involves the internalization of the values and norms of the group into the person's behavior and self-conception (Adams et al., 2011; Caricati et al. 2016). Therefore, socialization in this context refers to an individual developing an understanding of what means to be a profession. It suggests that to some extent, their process is dependent on the existence of role models to help the novice find the appropriate identity. Due to their vast experience in practice, these role models or mentors provide great help to young and new health care providers as it builds confidence in their practical skills and moral guidance in their field. Cognitive flexibility is also another factor influencing the development of prof essional identity. It refers to an individuals ability to structure knowledge in response to changing situational demands (Fredriksson Johansson, 2014). It can also be narrowed down to; a persons awareness of options and alternatives available in any given situation and his willingness to be flexible and adapt to the situation. There are also other factors such as the understanding of teamwork and education which also help in the development of professional identity. Team working provides a better platform for learning as once you make a mistake, it is easier to be corrected and guided by the other colleagues unlike working individually. Social values governing the boundaries to what can and cannot be done are also a factor affecting professional identity development. Education accentuates the importance of empathy and self-reflection. The American Association of nurses practitioners was founded in 1985 with a mission of empowering all nurse practitioners to advance quality health care in America and worldwide through practice, education, advocacy, research, and leadership (Blair et al., 2016). It is the largest nursing association in the world. To achieve its mission it has set down some standards of practice which each and every nurse practitioner should adhere to provide quality health care services. One of the criteria laid down are the education qualifications for every nurse practitioner who they must be registered health care providers and have the relevant skills (Fredriksson Johansson, 2014). Only those with relevant skills can be allowed to provide health care services. The second standard is the process of care, whereby the nurse practitioners are required to utilize the scientific process of national standards of care as a framework for managing patient care. The other rule set is regarding care priorities on patient and family education. The nurse practitioner should provide both the patient and his or her family with all relevant information regarding the situation been handled. They should also promote the facilitation of patient participation in self-care, free health and the promotion of a safe environment (Blair et al., 2016). There are also interdisciplinary or collaborative responsibilities. In this case, the nurse practitioners should always act as a team leader and ensure they interact with their professional colleagues within there is, so specialization to provide comprehensive care. They should also provide accurate documentation of patient status and attention. The records should be accurate, legible and confidential. Lastly, they also set standards for adjunct roles of nurses practitioners; in this case, the nurse practitioners should combine the functions of a mentor, educator, provider, manager, researcher, and consultant. They should employ research as the basis for practice. They can promote research through developing clinical research questions, conducting or participating in studies and disseminating findings into practice. The College of Licensed Practical Nurses (CLPN), has been entrusted under the health professional Act, with the responsibility to protect the public. Through regulation of Licensed Practical Nursing, it has provided some of the standards of practice guiding health practitioners to provide comprehensive care. These include; knowledge, whereby the health care providers should integrate knowledge of nursing science, arts, and humanities acquired through first and continuous learning. This is important as it enhances the skills, quality, and competence of the nurse practitioner as well as ensuring the patient gets quality health care. The second standard of practice is accountability, in which the nurse practitioner should demonstrate accountability and become responsible for own nursing actions and professional conduct. They should also maintain appropriate boundaries between professional therapeutic relationships and non-professional personal relationships (Blair et al., 2016). They should also promote the patients safety by acting to prevent or minimize adverse events or occurrences through identification and reporting of situations that are unsafe or potentially unsafe for clients or health workers. Manley et al. (2011) also denote that nurse practitioners should collaborate with clients, healthcare professionals, and stakeholders in the provisions of health care services. All this can only be achieved when health care providers provide an environment that promotes active relationship planning, implementing and coordinating the delivery of nursing care. Therefore this is important as they will all work towards the accomplishment of one goal. And lastly, they should demonstrate leadership skills in own practice as well as in management and supervision of others. By setting these standards of practice and code of conducts the American Association of Nurses Practitioners has provided a benchmark or a tool for enhancing the quality of health care or services rendered. Its against these standards of practice where one can understand whether the needs of their clients are met or not or whether the health practitioners are working towards the same goal or objective according to Manley et al. (2011). So these associations monitor the quality of health care by accessing the indicators from the set standards of practice. When the nurse practitioners work under the guidelines given the, it becomes easy to measure the performance and the quality of services been provide and act accordingly. Conclusion From the study above it can be conclude that professional identity is critical in a nursing profession as it equips the individual with the knowledge, skills, and sense of professional identitythat embracing the fundamental values, code of conduct and set guidelines and standards will promote the idea of the nursing profession. It is found that cognitive flexibility is a major factor contributing or enhancing the development of professional identity. Therefore every nursing practitioner should develop cognitive consciousness or flexibility when it comes to making the decision relating to a particular situation. These decisions should be made to set standards of practice. References Adams, K., Hean, S., Sturgis, P., Clark, J. M. (2011).Investigating the factors influencing professional identity of first-year health and social care students.Learning In Health Social Care, 5(2), 55-68.doi:10 Bain, C. E. (2016). Professionalism in Accounting Graduates: Employers' Preferences and Colleges of Business' Challenges.Journal Of The Academy Of Business Education,17157-171. Blair, W., Kable, A., Courtney-Pratt, H., Doran, E. (2016).Mixed method integrative review exploring nurses' recognition and response to unsafe practice.Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 72(3), 488-500. doi:10.1111/jan.12855 Caricati, L., Mancini, T., Sollami, A., Bianconcini, M., Guidi, C., Prandi, C., ... Artioli, G. (2016).The role of professional and team commitments in nurse-physician collaboration.Journal Of Nursing Management, 24(2), E192-E200. doi:10.1111/jonm.12323 Coram, P. J., Robinson, M. J. (2017). Professionalism and Performance Incentives in Accounting Firms.Accounting Horizons,31(1), 103-123.doi:10.2308/acch-51636 Domen, R. E., Johnson, K., Conran, R. M., Hoffman, R. D., Post, M. D., Steinberg, J. J., ... Powell, S. Z. (2017). Professionalism in Pathology.Archives Of Pathology Laboratory Medicine,141(2), 215-219. doi:10.5858/arpa.2016-0217-CP Fernandez, K. A., Crouch, G. (2016). Defining Medical Professionalism Across the Years of Training and Experience at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.Military Medicine,181(10), 1294-1299. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00438 Fernandez, K. A., Crouch, G. (2016). Defining Medical Professionalism Across the Years of Training and Experience at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.Military Medicine,181(10), 1294-1299. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00438 Fredriksson, M., Johansson, B. (2014). The Dynamics of Professional Identity.Journalism Practice, 8(5), 585-595. doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.884746.1111/j.1473-6861.2006.00119.x Manley, K., Watts, C., Cunningham, G., Davies, J. (2011). Principles of Nursing Practice: development and implementation. Nursing Standard, 25(27), 35-37. Nurse Practitioner Practice in 2012: Meeting the Health Care Needs of Tomorrow. (2003). Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 15(4), 146 Raeside, R. (2015).Professional role identity in shaping community nurses reactions to nursing policy.Journal Of Nursing Management, 23(4), 459-467. doi:10.1111/jonm.12153 Stuebs, M. M. (2017). Virtuous Professionalism in Accountants to Avoid Fraud and to Restore Financial Reporting.Journal Of Business Ethics,140(4), 687-704. Willetts, G., Clarke, D. (2014).Constructing nurses' professional identity through social identity theory.International Journal Of Nursing Practice, 20(2), 164-169. doi:10.1111/ijn.12108

Short term sensory store Essay Example

Short term sensory store Paper Sensory Memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. Sensory memory allows the sensation of a visual pattern, sound or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over. In the case of vision, people really perceive an afterimage rather than the actual stimulus. Short-term Memory is a limited capacity store than can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. In contrast, information stored in long-term memory may last weeks, months or years. Actually, you can maintain information in your short-term memory for longer than 30 seconds. How? Primarily, by engaging in rehearsal the process of verbalizing or thinking about the informationwithout rehearsal, information in short-term memory quickly decays with the passage of time. You can increase the capacity of your short-term memory by combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher-order, units called chunks. A chunk is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. The two key characteristics that originally defined short-term memory small capacity and short storage duration are still present in the concept of working memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Short term sensory store specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short term sensory store specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short term sensory store specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In certain models (Wickens (1992) being one such model), perceptual processes are conceptually separated into two stages: a short term sensory store (STSS) and perception. What these two stages have in common is the role of filtering out unnecessary information. Short Term Sensory Store (STSS) The STSS is a temporary storage mechanism associated with each sensory channel (i.e. the organs of the body responsible for touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing tactile system, eyes, nose, tongue and ears). For example, when you close your eyes an image remains in front of your (closed) eyes for a short period of time. This is referred to as iconic storage (echoic storage would be the same process of temporary storage associated with hearing). The STSS has a number of important characteristics which enable researchers to determine what constitutes temporary early processing versus deeper level processing. Firstly, the STSS is pre-attentive. This means that no conscious attention is required for something to be stored in an STSS, rather the signal/stimulus is stored in a particular STSS automatically. Secondly, the STSS is veridical. This means that the signal/stimulus is preserved in the STSS with all the physical attributes of the actual signal/stimulus. The STSS retains an exact replica of the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus. Finally, the STSS is short duration. The contents of the STSS using decay quite rapidly. The the case of iconic storage, the physical attributes of the stimulus usually decay after approximately one second, while in echoic storage the physical attributes of the signal/stimulus usually decay after approximately three seconds, and kineasthetic storage lasts approximately eight seconds. The STSS is important in cognitive ergonomics because it draws attention to the presence and the limitations of the temporary storage capacity of our sensory organs. Firstly, we must note that our sensory organs retain some memory of the signal/stimulus that enables us to perceive it without actually paying attention to it . Secondly, we must note that that each of the STSS have time-related constraints, and these constraints differ according to the sensory channel. For example, we are able to perceive visual cues from our environment even when we are not directing our conscious attention to those cues, provided that the visual cue enters the iconic storage mechanism and provided that the time interval is relatively short (approximately one second). For the most part though the STSS enables us to retain something of the signal/stimulus to allow further processing (or discarding). Perceptual Encoding Once a signal/stimulus has passed into the STSS it may be processed at progressively higher centres within the central nervous system. One theory contends that once information makes contact with a unique neural node that has previously been learned, is stored or is innate, then this information is perceived. Perception is an early information processing stage that is essentially involved with the recognition of a signal/stimuli and putting it into a category. Theorists and researchers have noted that there are different categories of perception. Absolute Judgement refers to the perceptual classification of a signal/stimulus into a particular categorical level (as is typical in absolute judgement task). This is characterised by people being asked to determine the loudness of a tone, the size of a crowd, or the smoothness of a surface. In such perception tasks, people are required to determine a single attribute. Detection is the simplest form of perception, which in essence is asking the question: is the signal/stimulus/target present or not? Pattern recognition, on the other hand is a more complex task that requires a person to perceive at least two dimensions in order to match a particular stimulus to a category. In the case of pattern recognition there is a great deal of interplay between perception and memory (long term memory in particular). Each of the combinations of the dimensions (usually referred to as features) must be compared to existing categorisations within long term memory. For example, the letters A a A a aA all fall into the category of a single alphabetic letter, despite their (slightly) different appearance. We are able to recognise the pattern and assign these letters to the same category. Finally, analogue perception is the continual perceptual categorisation of a dynamic signal/stimulus. Such perception is required when driving a car, when looking at an action movie or just walking across the street. It is important to note that perception requires some element of conscious attention in order to function. In this way, we are able to separate the roles of STSS and perceptual encoding, even although both processes are involved with the acquisition and filtering of information for higher order cognitive processing. The role of perceptual encoding in cognitive ergonomics is important for a number of reasons. Understanding when people are able to perceive a signal or not is important for many absolute judgement tasks. Whether a Doctor can see a small fracture on an X-ray, whether a security guard can detect a near invisible intruder on security monitor, or whether a quality assurance officer can see the small fault in a beer bottle top or all examples of real-world absolute judgement tasks that can benefit from our understanding of the mechanisms of absolute judgement perception. Pattern recognition can be applied to even more contexts than absolute judgement perception. Our understanding of pattern recognition has been applied to the problems of recognition of pictures, symbols (including letters or the alphabet and numbers) and icons. The large numbers of icons and pictorial symbols in computer software, on microwave ovens, on cellular phone displays and even motor vehicle dashboards demonstrates how prolific pattern recognition is within modern technological society. As these symbols are used more in society, so we are able to develop memory traces that enable us to recognise similar symbols in different situations. However, when we encounter unfamiliar symbols we can become confused and in some cases reluctant to continue.